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1.基本概念：

采暖系統(tǒng)：冬季向室內(nèi)供熱保持室內(nèi)所需溫度的建筑設(shè)備叫做采暖系統(tǒng)。采暖系統(tǒng)由熱源或供熱裝置、散熱設(shè)備及供熱管道組成。輸送熱量的物質(zhì)或帶熱體叫做熱媒，一般采用水和蒸氣做為熱媒。熱媒在熱源獲得熱量通過供熱管道輸配到各個(gè)用戶或散熱設(shè)備，由散熱設(shè)備把熱量發(fā)散到室內(nèi)。

圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)：建筑物及房間各面的圍擋物，如墻體、屋頂、地板和門窗等。分內(nèi)、外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)兩類。

采暖熱負(fù)荷：為維持采暖房間室內(nèi)溫度達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，根據(jù)采暖房間圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的耗熱量和得熱量的平衡計(jì)算結(jié)果，需要采暖系統(tǒng)供給的熱流量。